1. INTRODUCTION:

Originally from India, neem (Azadirachta indica) is found in many tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. This tree thrives in a range of soil, topographic, and climatic situations due to its great degree of adaptability. It thrives in shallow, stony, dry soils and can even endure in soils with hard clay or calcareous layers close to the surface. Neem requires minimal water and abundant sunlight to flourish in its environment¹. The neem plant is found all over the world and has grown to be a great source of ideas for creating new pharmaceutical chemicals. Neem and other plant-derived medications have significantly improved human health and wellbeing.

Neem is currently grown successfully in around 72 countries in Australia, Africa, Asia, and Central, South and North America. Early in the 20th century, the tree was brought to West Africa².

Neem's scientific classifications include Family Meliaceae, Order Rutales, Genus Azadirachta, and Species indica. Two species of Azadirachta, indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, A. Juss, and A. indica have been identified and A. excelsa Kack, found in the Philippines and Indonesia³. Traditional medicine has utilized all parts of the neem tree to treat a variety of illnesses⁴. The tree yields a large number of chemically and structurally diverse biologically active chemicals, with different components being recovered from different plant portions. The tree uses a variety of components taken from different plant sections to produce a broad spectrum of physiologically active chemicals that are chemically and structurally varied⁵. The anti-helminthic, antibacterial, antiulcer, antifertility, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer activities of these active ingredients include steroids, carotenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, ketones and flavonoids. Neem is frequently used with oil to increase its potency and lessen^6,7. Neem is known to produce a variety of chemically complex, physiologically active compounds, with over 140 different chemicals identified from its various parts. Throughout history, the neem tree's roots, leaves, bark, seeds, and blossoms, have all been utilized to treat a range of ailments, such as fever, infections, skin ailments, inflammation, and dental issues. An overview of the neem plant's diverse pharmacological activities is given in this review. Thus, reviewing the neem tree's therapeutic qualities and other uses is the goal of this review article.

Figure 1: Azadirachta indica (A. Juss.) in its natural habitat

2. Bio-active components of Neem:

Because Azadirachta indica L. is a rich source of many different kinds of components, it has a medicinal effect in managing health. The most crucial active ingredient is azadirachtin, which is followed by nimbidol, sodium nimbinate, quercetin, nimbolinin, nimbin, gedunin, nimbidin, nimbin, n-hexacosanol, ascorbic acid, nimbandiol, nimbiol, nimbolide, nimbin, 6-desacetylnimbinene, 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylgedunin and 7-desacetyl-7-benzoylazadiradione are among the compounds found in leaves^8,9(Figure 2). Fresh neem leaves were used to purify the polyphenolic compounds, ß-sitosterol, flavonoids and quercetin, which were found to have antifungal and antibacterial qualities¹⁰. Nimbin has demonstrated antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties, antihistamine, fungicidal, and antiseptic qualities in particular, which lessens the damage by lowering reactive oxygen species formation^11,12. Flavonoids, which suppress prostaglandin production, endoperoxides, and inflammation-related enzymes such protein kinases and phosphodiesterases are also present in Neem¹³.

Various parts of neem tree are all utilized in traditional medicine because they contain active chemicals. Neem leaves are known for boosting the immunity, reducing fever, treating foot fungi, controlling termites, alleviating neuromuscular pain, and acting as an anticlotting agent. They also have antihelminthic, antituberculosis, antitumor, antiseptic, antiviral, contraceptive, and cosmetic properties. Additionally, neem leaves are used in fertilizers, insecticides, and insect repellents¹⁴. Pet fleas and ticks can be effectively managed with neem bark and roots, which is also effective in treating skin diseases like acne, scabies and eczema. Additionally, they are used to treat diabetes, cancer, herpes, heart disease, ulcers, AIDS, and allergies¹⁵. Neem oil has several different qualities, including antipyretic, antihistaminic, antihelminthic, antiprotozoal, bactericidal, antiviral, contraceptive, insecticidal, fungicidal, and cosmetic uses. Neem twigs, serve as oral deodorants, toothache relievers, and tooth cleaners^16,4. More than 135 distinct bioactive chemicals found in neem may find use in agriculture, public health, animal care, and even reproductive regulation in humans¹⁷. Additionally, these substances contain bitter components that give them their antifeedant and poisonous qualities, which cause insects to starve and eventually die^18,19. The two primary categories of these bioactive substances are isoprenoids and non-isoprenoids. Protomeliacins, liminoids, genudin, csecomeliacins like azadirachtin, and salannin, are examples of diterpenoids and triterpenoids that are classified as isoprenoids. Dihydrochalcones, coumarins, tannins, aliphatic chemicals, proteins, polyphenolics (including glycosides and flavonoids), and phenolic acids are examples of non-isoprenoids²⁰.

Neem compounds' precise mode of action against bacteria, fungus, and other microbes is yet unclear. But when it comes to viruses, neem prevents the virus from growing and from adhering to host cells²¹. One of neem's main compounds, azadirachtin, influences insects by changing hemolymph ecdysteroid levels. When neem extracts are applied to stored food, they inhibit or prevent the normal metamorphosis of immature stages, ultimately leading to the insect's death²². Azadirachtin and neem extracts containing AZ exhibit strong antifeedant activity, primarily through chemoreception, as well as a reduction in food intake due to toxic effects after consumption²³. Neem is thought to have a hepato-protective effect since it can raise total protein levels while stabilizing serum levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase. These modifications show enhanced liver function and defense against liver injury²⁴.

3. Medicinal Properties of Neem:

3.1. Antimicrobial Properties:

Neem includes components with strong antibacterial qualities that may be helpful in managing bacteria and spoilage organisms, according to a study assessing the antibacterial activities of neem extracts on 21 strains of foodborne pathogens²⁵. The antibacterial activity of neem extracts against several bacterial strains isolated from the mouth of an adult was examined in another study, and the results indicated that both bark and leaf extracts were effective against every pathogen that was tested²⁶. It has been demonstrated that neem twig water extracts prevent the formation of bacteria that cause tooth cavities, including Streptococcus salivarius, S. mutans, S. mitis, and S. sanguis²⁷. Additionally, neem has demonstrated inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, a common cause of food poisoning and pus formation²⁸. A comparison of neem leaf extracts with specific antibiotics revealed that the leaves possess significant antibacterial properties, highlighting the potential of bioactive compounds and supporting the use of neem in primary health care. Moreover, the methanol extract of Azadirachta indica exhibited strong activity against Bacillus subtilis^29,30.

3.2. Antifungal Properties:

Nimbidol, Nimbin, Nimbidin, and Neem oil are very efficient against fungus at very low quantities such as Trichophyton interdigitale, Coccidioides immitis, Tinea rubrum ringworm fungus, and other species of Trichophyton. Fungal species like- Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus and Cladosporium sp., are susceptible to the antifungal effects of Azadirachta indica leaf extract. Neem oil has proved a lifesaver in treating numerous fungal infections brought on by the aforementioned fungi¹(Anonymous, 2010). Azadirachta indica leaf ethanolic extract works better against Rhizopus Mondali et al. (2009)³¹. Additionally, Candida albicans has shown sensitivity to the aqueous extract at concentrations of 15% and 7.5%, with both aqueous and ethanolic neem leaf extracts being effective³².

3.3. Antiviral Properties:

It has been demonstrated that neem bark aqueous extract effectively inhibits Herpes simplex virus type 1 from penetrating its natural target cells³³. Additionally, while neem does not treat smallpox and chickenpox it has been effective in preventing these diseases³⁴. Moreover, a 12-week oral treatment with acetone water leaf extract of neem significantly influenced CD4 cells, which are typically reduced by HIV, in AIDS patients without causing any adverse side effects³⁵. A 12-week oral acetone water leaf extract of neem treatment had a significant in vivo effect on CD4 cells, which reduces impact of HIV, in AIDS patients without producing any adverse side effects.

3.4. Antiparasitic Properties:

Livestock diseases caused by helminthic parasites remain a significant productivity barrier, particularly for small ruminants in subtropical and tropical areas. In some regions, animals are given Neem leaves without any prior processing as a potential remedy. Neem extracts have proven to be effective in reducing ticks and mites, the scent of neem alone is enough to deter a variety of insects that consume leaves, such as leafhoppers and grasshoppers. Oil of Neem, known for repelling a broad spectrum of pests-including beet armyworms, whiteflies, mushroom flies, aphids, moth larvae, mites, beetles, leaf miners, and caterpillars-is commonly used as a biopesticide in organic farming. Grasshoppers, for instance, have been observed to starve when neem is present, as it is not their preferred food source³⁶. Modern agriculture requires soft pesticides that are affordable, non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally safe, and derived from plants, as a sustainable alternative to harmful and resistant synthetic pesticides³⁷.

3.5. Antioxidant Properties:

The development of many diseases is significantly influenced by free radicals. One of the key strategies for preventing these diseases is neutralizing the free radical activity, a process in which neem is involved. Free radicals are stabilized or deactivated by antioxidants, frequently before they have a chance to harm biological cells³⁸. Neem aids in activating the antioxidant enzymes that help to manage the harmful effects of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Reports have highlighted neem's antioxidant properties, with its leaves, seeds, fruits, bark, and roots oil, all playing a vital role in disease prevention due to their high antioxidant content³⁹.

3.6. Anticancerous Properties:

The active compounds in Azadirachta indica are essential for stopping cancer's start and spread because they activate tumor suppressor genes⁴⁰ and block the function of genes that allow cancer to start and spread. The availability of anti-angiogenic medicines, which stop the production of new blood vessels required for tumor development, is a critical element in preventing the growth of tumors⁴¹.

3.7. Wound healing Properties:

Neem oil's active ingredients aid in the wound-healing process by assisting the skin in maintaining its inherent qualities during the healing process. Rich in the essential fatty acids, neem oil provides crucial hydration and smooths the skin’s texture during healing. In addition to promote skin regeneration, neem leaf extracts and seed oil possess various antibacterial properties that protect the wounds from microbial infection, accelerating their healing. Neem is also essential for lowering inflammation, which can otherwise prolong the healing time. Furthermore, it aids in the production of collagen, elastin, and granulation tissue⁴².

3.8. Hepatoprotective Properties:

Neem aids in blood purification by shielding the liver from harm. The tree's active constituents reduce chemically induced liver damage by controlling blood enzyme levels and increasing antioxidant levels, which protect the liver from various damage by neutralizing free radicals. These antioxidants include vitamin E and A along with natural carotenoids. Neem aqueous extract protects against the liver necrosis brought on by paracetamol. Following the administration of these extracts, the elevated levels of serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, significantly decreased which are indicators of liver injury⁴³.

3.9. Antidiabetic and Antiulcer, Antifertility Properties:

Neem leaf aqueous extract has been demonstrated to dramatically reduce blood sugar levels, avoiding the hyperglycemia brought on by glucose and adrenaline. When given orally, it lowers blood glucose in rats with induced diabetes. Additionally, neem leaf and seed extracts have contraceptive properties in rodents and primates that, when taken orally at the beginning of the post-implantation phase, cause pregnancy termination with no lasting consequences⁴⁴. Rats given streptozotocin revealed an anti-hyperglycemic effect from this plant's hydroalcoholic extracts due to enhanced glucose absorption. Additionally, neem bark extracts help to relieve gastroesophageal, gastroduodenal ulcers and also reduces excessive stomach acid production in humans. It speeds up the healing of stomach and duodenal lesions and dramatically reduces discomfort.

4. CONCLUSION:

One of the most revered plants in India is neem. Humans have used the seed, leaf, flower, bark, and root of this evergreen, since ancient times, a rapidly growing tree has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The chemicals responsible for the pleiotropic behaviour of neem and its compounds have now been identified by modern research. Humans have used the plant's flower, leaf, bark, and seed, among other parts, to treat a wide range disease. Contemporary neem drugs are being developed to treat a range of illnesses as the world moves toward the usage of nontoxic plant products with historic therapeutic benefit. As the globe shifts to the use of nontoxic plant products with proven medical benefits, research into developing contemporary neem medications to treat a variety of diseases must be given top priority. Treatment of many diseases over the detrimental side effect of chemical medications has been increasingly being studied in medicinal plants and phytochemicals. This pharmacological study is a significant tool for the development of neem medicines in recent years.

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Received on 15.04.2025 Revised on 19.07.2025

Accepted on 04.10.2025 Published on 03.04.2026

Available online from April 06, 2026

Research J. Pharmacy and Technology. 2026;19(4):1946-1952.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-360X.2026.00279

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